Cyberwars in the Middle East Al–rawi Paperback John Wiley & Sons 9781978810105

Cyberwars in the Middle EastAuthor(s): Ahmed Al-Rawi\nFormat: Paperback\nPublisher: Rutgers University Press, United States\nImprint: Rutgers University Press\nISBN-13: 9781978810105, 978-1978810105\nSynopsis\nCyberwars in the Middle East argues that hacking is a form of online political disruption whose influence flows vertically in two directions (top-bottom or bottom-up) or horizontally. These hacking activities are performed along three political dimensions: international, regional, and local. Author Ahmed Al-Rawi argues that political hacking is an aggressive and militant form of public communication employed by tech-savvy individuals, regardless of their affiliations, in order to influence politics and policies. Kenneth Waltz's structural realism theory is linked to this argument as it provides a relevant framework to explain why nation-states employ cyber tools against each other.\n On the one hand, nation-states as well as their affiliated hacking groups like cyber warriors .